Just to add, I tried deleting all third-party plugins from the /mod folder and that did not work. I also tried reinstalling the default plugins. 

I think it could be a CHMOD permission issue but I'm not sure where. 

Check your server logs.

I solved the issue. Turns out when the VPS went down, the backups they recovered for my server didn't save some of the cached stuff. I was able to fix it by reuploading a fresh install of 2.3.3 over top the old one.

That's correct, or if you don't have a graphical mysql manager

mysql> REPAIR TABLE elgg_system_log;